Past Tense

Past Tense

1.Simple past is used for describing acts that have already been concluded and whose exact time of occurrence is known. Furthermore, simple past is used for retelling successive events. That is why it is commonly used in storytelling.

Simple past is formed for regular verbs by adding –ed to the root of a word. Example: He walked to the store. A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitiveform. 

The pattern :

(+)Subject + verb II + complement

(-)Subject + did not + verb II + complement

(?)Did + subject + verb I

The examples :

(+)I went to Banjarmasin last night

(-)I did not go anywhere yesteray

(?)Did you go last month?

Adverbs used : yesterday, last night, last week, two days ago, a few minutes ago, last weekend, last month, last year, in 1984, etc.

2.Past Continuous Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an actionwhich was happening in a certain time in the past.

The pattern :

(+)Subject + was/were +verb-ing+ complement

(-)Subject + was not/were not+verb-ing+ complement

(?)was/were+ subject + verb-ing+complement

The examples :

(+)He was writing a letter at eight o’clock last night

(-)He was not writing a letter at seven o’clock last night

(?)Were you writing a letter at eight last night?

Adverbs used : at the time like this yesterday, at seven o’clock last night, etc.

3.Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.

The pattern :

(+)Subject + had+verb III+cmplement

(-)Subject + had not+ver III+complement

(?)Had + subject +verb III+complement

The examples :

(+)We had eaten before they came

(-)They had not eaten before we came

(?)Had they eaten before we came?

Adverbs used : from 1998 to 1999, once, twice, etc.

EXPRESSING HAPPINESS

EXPRESSING HAPPINESS /PLEASURE

EXPRESSING HAPPINESS /PLEASURE

Text 1
Hilal : Hi, Najmi! Haven’t seen you for a long time. How is it going?
Najmi : Oh, hi Hilal….. It’s great, thanks. How is everything with you?
Hilal : Well, I’m fine. As a matter of fact, I was promoted as a manager.
Najmi : Wow, that’s really great. I’m glad to hear that. I’m sure you will have a good career.
Hilal : Thank you. And how about you? I’ve heard you are a secretary now.
Najmi : Yes, you’re right. That’s what I want since I was young.

Answer the following questions.
1.Who are involved in the dialogue above?
2.What is the relationship between Hilal and Najmi?
3.Where does the conversation take place?
4.Who works as a secretary?
5.What does Najmi say to express her happiness?

Text 2
Najmi : Have you ever heard that Icha and Doni are getting married?
Hilal : Oh, really? What a surprise. I’m very pleased to hear that. When is the wedding?
Najmi : Next week. Will you come to their wedding party.
Hilal : Of course. How about you?
Najmi : I’ll go there with my husband. Well, if you want we can go there together.
Hilal : All right. Pick me up at 1.

Answer the following questions.
1.Who are involved in the dialogue above?
2.What is the relationship between Nico and Olga?
3.Where does the conversation take place?
4.When will the wedding party?
5.Who will come to the wedding party?

Task 1
Give responses to the following statements using appropriate expressions of pleasure.
1.Your father is promoted to be a sergeant.
2.Japan government gives you a scholarship to continue your study there.
3.Your brother is getting married
4.You got the first rank in writing competition.
5.Your mother is awarded as the best mother of the year.
6.You are chosen as the best student at school.
7.Your team won the match.
8.Your best friend recorded a new album.

Note:
People express their happiness when they get good news or special thing.
Expression of pleasure
I’m happy to hear that
I’m glad you think so
That would be great
That sounds nice
Fantastic
What a wonderful day
It’s the most beautiful place I’ve ever seen.
I love it
I like it very much

Responses
I’d love too
You are right
I think so
I do, too

gaining attention

Gaining Attention

Holla guys pasti kalian suka yang namanya di perhatikan,tapi kalau yang namanaya di "kacangin" pasti ogahhhhhh banget dong ? Kali ini topik yang sayang buat di lewatin adalan Gaining Attention.Apa itu Gaining Attention ?Yapp.Tepat banget Gaining Attention adalah bagaimana kita bisa dapat perhatian dari orang-orang di sekitar kita.Langsung aja deh daripada kelamaan bacot.Cekidottt :D

Gaining Attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay attention to that we went to.

Here are some expressions of Gaining Attention :

·         Attention, please!

·         May I have your attention, please?

·         Excuse me, look here !!

·         Listen to me, please

·         Waiter ?

·         I’m sorry, but…

·         Wow really ?

·         Look at the board, please?

·         Hello !! Can you quiet?

Respond :

* Yes,what ? 
* Ok...  
* It's amazing ! 
* I'm sorry,but....
* Wow,really ?
* What happen then ?
* It so good news !
* I'm listening !

EXMPLE:

  EKA : "Atin,attention please ?"

SAKTI : "Yes,what ?"

EKA : "Can you help me ?"

SAKTI: "I'm sorry,but now I do my homework ."

PROCUDURE TEXT

Procedure Text

Definition of procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or step. It explains how people perform different process in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tenses, often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjuction such as first, second, then, next finally, etc...

Generic Structure of procedure text

1.Goal/aim (or title)

2.Material (not required for all procedural texts)

3.Steps (the actions that must be taken)

example :

HOW TO MAKE CHOCOLATE CAKE

Ingredients:

A. Chocolate Cake:
1/2 cup cocoa powder
1/2 hot water
2/3 cup shortening such as butter or margarine
1 3/4 cups sugar



1 tsp vanilla
2 eggs
2 1/4 cups sifter all-purpose flour
1 1/2 tsp baking soda
1/2 tsp salt
1 1/3 cup evaporated milk B. Chocolate Frosting:

1/2 cup butter
2 cups condensed milk
1/3 cup cocoa powder
1/3 cup hot water
1 tsp vanilla
Equipment:

rubber scrapper
wooden spoon bowls
measuring cups
measuring spoons
2 round pans
electric mixer
sauce pan
spatula
fork
tablespoon
1 round doily 
Procedure

A. Chocolate Cake

1. In a small bowl, combine the cocoa powder and hot water. Stir thoroughly until the cocoa powder is completely dissolved. Set aside. This is the cocoa mixture.
2. In another bowl, beat the shortening with an electric mixer. Slowly add sugar, then vanilla. Blend in eggs. This is the creamed mixture.
3. In another bowl, combine flour, baking soda and salt.
4. Alternately add the flour mixture and milk to the creamed mixture. Blend in the cocoa mixture. Pour the batter into two greased round pans.
5. Leave a 1/2-inch headspace. Bake at 350°F for 35-40 minutes. To check if the cake is already done, insert a toothpick into the cake. If toothpick comes out dry, then the cake is already done.
6. Cool cake before spreading icing or frosting. One frosting that will complement our very special chocolate cake is the chocolate frosting.

B. Chocolate Frosting

1. Melt the 1/3 cup cocoa powder in 1/3 cup hot water. This is your cocoa paste.
2. In a saucepan, combine the butter, milk, vanilla and the cocoa paste. Stir thoroughly.
3. Cook over medium heat, stirring constantly until thick. Remove from heat.
4. Transfer the first layer of chocolate cake on a round doily. Spread with chocolate frosting on the cake. On top, put the next layer of chocolate cake.
5. Cover the entire cake with the frosting. You may also put a design on the cake to make it more appealing.
6. One easy design has "waves" formed along the edges with a fork or spoon. You may also wish to put a zigzag design using a fork.

VOCABS PART OF THE BODY,SHAPES

Vocabs Part of the Body,Shapes

Holla,holla guys ! *langsung aja yee ke bacotan gue sebagai kata sambutan manis dari gue.

Every object in the world has a shape. And every human has a part of body. Today I will discuss the material about Shapes and Part of body. And we gonna learn shapes and parts of body, what we have in the world.*ceilehh sok english banget gue dah,tapi kosakata gue gak payah-payah banget kan ? Hmm, but, not all of shapes.*saya pikir anda berpendapat sama dengan saya juga kan ? So I will show you partly. And for the parts of body, I will show you the outside parts of body. Just like a face, hand, foot, and much more. The meaning is not included inside parts, like heart, kidney, liver, etc. Okay, daripada berlama-lama dengan bacotan gue ini langsung aja cekidottt guys :D

Definition of shapes is all the geometrical information that remains when location, scale and rotational effects are filltered out from an object.

Example :

Part of The Body

ANNOUNCEMENT

Announcement

"Pengumuman,pengumuman nanti sore akan diadakan pertandingan futsal antara  X-5 melawan X-6 diharapkan untuk teman-teman datang memberikan dukungan pada pukul 15.00 di Borneo Futsal.Terimakasih."
Nah,guys itu adalah salah satu example dari topik yang bentar lagi kita bahas,mau tau yang selengkapan,langsung aja cekidotttt :D


Definition of announcement is something said, written, or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.

Generic structure/ points:

1.The title or type of event

2.Date or time, place

3.Contact person

Example :

RECOUNT TEXT

Recount Text

Asyikkk kali ini kita bakal nyuguhin topik yang pastinya yahut bin matap buat ente semua.Langsung aja guys cekidottt :D


Definition of recount text is a text that is used to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

The generic structures of recount text are :

Orientation : ( it gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved, where it happened, when it happened)

Events : (a series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence)

Re-orientation : (restates the writer’s opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident)

Characteristic of Recount Text :

#Use of simple past tense

#Use of temporal conjunctions (when, after, before, next, later, then)

#Use of personal pronoun (I, we)
Example :

My Holiday was Fantastic

Last summer I got a fantastic holiday. I visited some great places.

I went to an airport and was going to fly to Cleveland. I was spending there two days. I liked to see some Cleveland Cavaliers basketball matches.

Then I went to Hollywood. Hollywood is a famous district in Los Angeles, California, United States. It had become world-famous as the center of the film industry. Four major film companies – Paramount, Warner Bros., RKO and Columbia – had studios in Hollywood. I did not want to leave but I had to.

After that, I went to New York city. I visited the Statue of Liberty. I went from the bottom of Manhattan to the top of the crown. That was very amazing.

The places made me feel at home but I have to go home. Next time I would return to them.

APPOINTMENT

Appointment

Definition :

1.      Noun, an arrangement to meet a person or be at place at a certain time

2.      Noun, the act of placing in a job/position

3.      Noun, the person who receives such as job/position

4.      Noun, the job/position to which such as a person is appointed

Here are some expressions of Appointment :

*How to Making an Appointment :

·         I’d like to make an appointment with David

·         I want to make an appointment to see Andy

·         I’d like to you come and see

·         Can I come and see you?

·         What about….

*How to Accepting an Appointment :

·          All right, see you there

·         No problem, I’m free on…. (Monday)

·         Be there on time

·         I’ll wait for you

·         It’s a deal

*How to Cancelling an Appointment :

·         I’m terrible sorry, I have to put off my appointment

·         I’m sorry, I’m very busy

·         I’m afraid I have to postpone my appointment with Piko tomorrow afternoon

·         I’m sorry, I can’t

*How to Changing an Appointment :

·         What about… (Sunday, at 04.00 p.m)

·         Is that O.K, if we meet at café

·         Could we change the schedule of meeting?

·         Do you have another time this morning?

Example :

Example of dialog :



EKA : "Hi, are you busy this evening?"

TRI SAKTI : "No. What's up?"

EKA : "How about, we go to see a movie?"

TRI SAKTI : "O.K. What time?"

EKA : "At 5 p.m"

TRI SAKTI : I'm sorry, I can't this evening at 5 p.m, what about 8 p.m?

I must go to my aunt's house at 5 p.m."

EKA : "O.K No Problem. I wait for you."

TRI SAKTI : "That would be great !!"

INVITATION

INVITATION ( WRITTEN )

Holla,lagi-lagi sama ane nih guys yang baik hati dan tidak sombong membagikan ilmu yang udah ane dapet dan pelajari hhehehe :D .Ngomong-ngomong kalian pernah nulis sebuah undangan ? if you can't make it ,then i give you a material about how to make invitation (written). Yasudah langsung aja cekidottt guys :D

Writing an Invitation Letter
An invitation letter serves the purpose of inviting a guest to a party, an event or a celebration while conveying more information than a traditional invitations card. It serves two purposes; one, to invite the individual to the event and two, to ensure that the person receiving the letter is going to attend.

There are two tenses used within the invitation letter, the present and the future. The present tense conveys information about the event and the future tense ensures the guest is going to attend.

Here's How:
1. Names of party hosts or sponsoring organization.
2. Type of event (birthday party, business networking meeting, etc.).
3. Place.
4. Date.
5. Time.
6. RSVP date and phone number.
7. Any special dress requirements from black-tie to bathing suits.
8. Rain date (if any).
9. Be specific about who is invited, whether address only, with guest, or with spouse and children.

Tips:
1. Always send written invitations for formal events such as business gatherings, formal dinners, and special occasions like showers, weddings or events honoring someone.

2. If guests are not from your local area, include a map to location of event.

3. Send anywhere from 8 - 2 weeks in advance depending on formality of occasion. Weddings require the longest lead-time; casual dinners and brunches require the least.

4. Offerins invitation
- Would you like to come to the restaurant this evening?
- Will you join us?
- Would you care to have dinner with us tonight?
- Could you come to a party at my place tomorrow?
- I wander whether you would care to come on a picnic with us next week?

5. Accepting invitation
- Yes,I’d love very much.
- Thank you.
- Yes,with pleasure.

6. Reffusing
# If you don’t mind,i’d rather not.

# Thank you,i’m busy,may be next time.
# I have got another appointment.
# I’m sorry.
# I’ve lost to work to do.

EXAMPLE :

Invitation Verbal
Example:
We want to invite you to come to our house
Can you come to my restaurant?
Are you free tonight?

Accepting (menerima)
1.I like that
2.That sounds good
3.Thank you for inviting

Refusing(menolak)
1.I like that but I can’t
2.I’m very sorry for not able to come
3.Sorry, I’m very busy

greeting

Greeting

GREETINGS

            

          Greetings

• Good morning.
• Good afternoon.
• Good evening.
• How nice to see you
• Hello. 
• How are you?
• How do you do?
• How're you doing?
• Hi!

Responses

• Good morning.
• Good afternoon.
• Good evening.
• Yes, it's been so nice.
• Hello.
• Fine, thanks.
• How do you do?
• Not bad.
• Hi!

Partings
• Good night.
• Goodbye.
• See you later.
• Bye.

Responses
 • Good night.
• Goodbye.
• See you.
• Bye.

Introducing yourself
• First let me introduce
  myself.
• My name is ....
• Allow me to introduce
my self.
• I'm ...
• Excuse me my name's
...
• How do you do? My
  name is ....
• Hi! I'm ...
• Hello! My name is ...
• Good morning. My
name's ...

Introducing someone
• I would like to
introduce you to ....
• Let me introduce you
   to ...
• This ...
• Allow me to
   introduce ....
• I'd like you to meet ...
• Do you know ...
• Oh look, here's Peter.
• Peter–Jeny, Jeny–
   Peter

FORMAL GREETINGS.

Hello.

Hello.

Hello, how are you?

Hello, I’m fine. What about you?

Hello, how are you today?

Hello, I’m fine. And you?

Nice to meet you.

Nice to meet you too.

How do you do?

How do you do?

—

Good morning.

Good morning Sir.

Good morning Madam.

Good afternoon.

Good evening.

INFORMAL GREETINGS.

Hi.

Hi, how are you?

How’s life?

How’s your day?

Are you fine?

I’m fine.

I’m okay.

I’m feeling great.

Naturally speaking

Mr Bean meets Mrs Breuer, one of his students, and her husband in the street.

Mr Bean:	Good morning, Mrs Breuer.
Mrs Breuer:	Good morning, Mr Bean. How are you?
Mr Bean:	I'm fine thanks, and you?
Mrs Breuer:	Not too bad. Mr Bean, this is my husband Michael, Michael this is Mr Bean my English teacher.
Mr Breuer:	Pleased to meet you.
Mr Bean:	Pleased to meet you too. Are you from Germany, Mr Breuer?
Mr Breuer:	Yes, East Germany, from Dresden. And you, are you from London?
Mr Bean:	No, I'm from Derby, but I live in London now.
Mrs Breuer:	Well, goodbye Mr Bean, it was nice to see you.
Mr Bean:	Yes, goodbye.

narrative text

Narrative Text

NARRATIVE TEXT

Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/fables/myths/epic) and its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.

A narrative text is a text amuse, entertain and deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways. Narrative deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution.

The narrative text short story is telling of a story or an account of a sequence of events. One of the four traditional forms of composition (along with description, exposition, and persuasion). Narration differs from exposition, which can also relate a sequence of events, in that narration need not be factual and may be written from the perspective of a character in the text.

The generic sctucture of a narrative text:
1. Orientation: Sets the scene and introduces the participants.
2. Complication: A crisis arises
3. Resolution: The crisis is resolved, for the better or for worse.
4. Re-orientation: Optinal
5. Evaluation: A stepping back to evaluate the plight

Example Of Narrative Text

Golden Egg

Long time ago a remote village, in central China was inhabited mainly with farmers and hunters. One day, a poor farmer lost his entire livestock to flood. He prayed hard to God for help or his family would die of starvation.

Few days later, an old man with long grey beard, passed by his house took pity on him. He gave him a goose and said “ I don’t have any expensive thing to give you and hope this goose will help you to ease your hardship.”

A week later to almost surprise the farmer found and egg in his yard. This was no ordinary egg. It was a golden egg. He was suddenly overcome with joy.

Thereafter, his livelihood had rapidly improved but the farmer had forgotten his earlier hardship. He became lazy, arrogant and spendthrift.

Strangely, the goose only laid one golden egg every six months. The greedy farmer lost his patient and slaughtered his goose thinking there were plenty of golden eggs inside its stomach.
Though he very much regretted for his foolishness, it’s already too late.

giving instruction

Giving Instruction

Giving instruction is an expression that is used in order that order that other person does what we instruct or request, or giving imperative to other people for to do or not to do something, Giving instruction sometimes called comperative/prohibition.



NOTE:
The tense used in giving instruction is “SIMPLE PRESENT”

 1.use verb as commanding word in the form of infinitive without to :
Examples:
Ø Sit down.
Ø Sweep the floor.
Ø Clean the whiteboard.

 2.use Be + Adjective or noun or adverb :
Examples:
· Be careful!
· Be quite!
· Be on time1

 3.use the word Don’t + infinitive verb :
* Don’t climb!
* Don’t do it!
* Don’t let them in…

 4.To make the instruction be politer, we can used please that put in front of sentences or back.
~ Please, wake up. / Wake up, please.
~ Please, be quite. / Be quite, please.
~ Please, do your homework. / Do your homework. Please. 

expressing sympaty

Expressing Sympathy

.

·       There are some expressions to show our sympathy to other people. Some of the examples are shown below.
 - Oh, I am sorry to hear that                                                                          

·        -That’s  too bad

·        -What a pity of you !

·        -Be patient, it would be better soon

·        -I take my sympathy to you

·        -I sympathize with your condition

·        -I know how is your feeling

·        -It would be OK soon.

There are also some responses to accept sympathy from other people. Here the examples.

·         -Thank you very much

·         -It’s very kind of you

·         -I hope so

·         -That’s a pity, isn’t it?

·         -Thanks for your sympathy

·         -Thanks for your support

·         -I would be OK, thank you very much for your support

The use of the expression should determine the context of situation. it will be different expression used in different context of situation. These expressions below show  sequence of the formality, from the most formal to less formal situation